Medications used
GLP-1 and dual-agonist medications
These are the drugs that changed the field: semaglutide (Wegovy, Ozempic) and tirzepatide (Zepbound, Mounjaro). They mimic gut hormones that regulate appetite and blood sugar, and the effect most patients describe is not willpower but the absence of constant food preoccupation.
In the major published trials, semaglutide produced average loss of roughly 15 percent of total body weight over about 68 weeks, and tirzepatide roughly 20 percent at the higher doses over 72 weeks. Averages hide a wide spread — some patients lose a great deal more, and some respond poorly.
This practice prescribes FDA-approved brand-name products. Compounded semaglutide and tirzepatide are widely marketed and considerably cheaper, but the compounded versions are not FDA-reviewed for safety, purity, or dosing accuracy, and dosing errors with them have caused real harm. That is a trade this practice does not make.
The oral GLP-1
There is now also an oral GLP-1. Foundayo (orforglipron) was approved in April 2026 and is taken as a daily tablet, with no requirement to take it on an empty stomach or to wait before eating. Average weight loss is more modest than the injectables — around 11 percent — but for patients who will not inject, that is the relevant comparison.
Older oral medications
These remain useful, particularly when a GLP-1 is not covered, not tolerated, or not appropriate. These include phentermine, phentermine/topiramate (Qsymia), and naltrexone/bupropion (Contrave). Each has its own profile and its own set of patients it suits — phentermine, for instance, is generally avoided in uncontrolled hypertension or significant heart disease.
Side effects and cautions worth knowing now
- GI effects are the common ones. Nausea, vomiting, constipation, and diarrhea, worst during dose escalation and usually manageable by going up more slowly.
- Gallstones become more likely with rapid weight loss from any cause, medication included.
- Pancreatitis is uncommon but reported.
- GLP-1 medications carry a boxed warning regarding thyroid C-cell tumors observed in rodents. They are not prescribed to patients with a personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma or MEN2 syndrome.
- Tell any surgeon or anesthesiologist that you are on a GLP-1. These drugs slow stomach emptying, which raises the risk of aspiration under anesthesia. They generally need to be held before an operation or a procedure with sedation. This is exactly the sort of thing that gets missed when your weight loss prescriber and your surgeon are different people who never speak.
- Weight is commonly regained when the medication stops. Trials that withdrew the drug saw much of the lost weight return. For most patients this is long-term treatment, not a course you finish — and that reality, including its cost, belongs in the decision from the start.
This is general education, not a complete list of risks or a recommendation for any individual. Whether a medication is appropriate for you depends on your medical history and will be discussed at your visit.